Human iPSC → neural progenitor cells → differentiated neurons → compound exposure → multiparametric neurotoxicity assessment
|
Domain |
Assay |
Example biomarkers/readouts |
|---|---|---|
|
Cell viability |
ATP/CellTiter-Glo |
ATP reduction |
|
Cytotoxicity |
LDH release |
Membrane damage |
|
Apoptosis |
Caspase-3/7 |
Apoptotic signaling |
|
Neuronal identity |
MAP2, NeuN, βIII-tubulin |
Neuronal integrity |
|
Neurite toxicity |
High-content imaging |
Neurite length/branching |
|
Synaptic toxicity |
Synapsin-1, PSD95 |
Synaptic density |
|
Mitochondrial toxicity |
TMRE/TMRM, MitoTracker |
ΔΨm and mitochondrial mass |
|
Oxidative stress |
ROS assays |
ROS accumulation |
|
Calcium homeostasis |
Ca²⁺ imaging |
Abnormal Ca²⁺ activity |
|
Electrophysiology |
MEA/patch clamp |
Firing rate/network activity |
|
Neuroinflammation |
IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1 |
Inflammatory response |
|
Axonal injury |
NF-H, SMI-32 |
Axonal damage |
|
Cellular stress |
ATF4, CHOP, HSP70 |
ER/proteotoxic stress |